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A weary man in combat fatigues, a Ukrainian flag on his arm, smokes a cigarette. He stands over a ditch in the woods, looking toward the camera.

“Well, start taking the video now,” an off-screen voice says in Russian.

“Glory to Ukraine!” the smoker responds, in Ukrainian.

A split-second later: gunshots. The smoker drops to the ground, dead. Two off-camera voices curse him in Russian.

This pixelated clip, just 12 seconds long, appears to show the execution of a Ukrainian prisoner of war. As it spread on social media, going viral on Monday, it ignited fierce anger in Ukraine, where officials and other public figures have said it shows the cruelty of invading Russian forces and reinforces the need for a war crimes investigation for flagrant violations of the Geneva Conventions.

What rights do prisoners of war have under international law?

The Washington Post has not independently verified the video. Who made and posted it — when, where and under what circumstances — remains unclear. The footage was shared widely among pro-Kremlin Telegram accounts on Monday, including an account linked to Task Force Rusich, a unit fighting with the mercenary group Wagner in Ukraine described as a “neo-Nazi paramilitary group” by the U.S. Treasury.

In a video posted to his Telegram account late on Monday, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky called on Ukrainians to repeat the man’s patriotic final words: “Slavi Ukraini,” which means “glory to Ukraine.”

“I want us all together, in unity, to respond to his words: ‘Glory to the hero! Glory to heroes! Glory to Ukraine!’” Zelensky said. “We will find the killers.”

“Killing a prisoner of war is yet another [Russian] war crime,” Andriy Yermak, the head of Ukraine’s presidential office, tweeted the same day.

On Tuesday, a Ukrainian military unit said they had identified the man killed as one of their own: Tymofiy Shadura, 40, who was believed to have been captured by Russian forces near Vuhledar in Donetsk last month.

A woman identified as Shadura’s sister told the BBC that her brother appeared to be the man in the video.

What are war crimes, and is Russia committing them in Ukraine?

“My brother would certainly be capable of standing up to the Russians like that,” the woman said, as reported by the BBC.

So far, Russian officials have not made an official response. But in a follow-up post on Telegram Tuesday, the paramilitary group Rusich mocked Russians who criticized the video, saying that it was “normal” and the Russian military was “doing what it should.”

“To defeat the enemy – you need to kill the enemy!” the group wrote.

Russia, as well as Ukraine, is among nearly 200 countries that are party to the Third Geneva Convention, which spells out the rights of Prisoners of War. The convention calls for prisoners captured during a conflict to be treated “humanely.” Their execution is clearly forbidden.

Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba wrote on Twitter that the video was further proof that the war was “genocidal” and called on the chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to launch an investigation. “Perpetrators must face justice,” Kuleba wrote.

Andriy Kostin, Ukraine’s prosecutor general, wrote on Telegram that Ukraine’s security service would also be investigating the killing as a criminal case under domestic laws.

Numerous war crimes allegations have been recorded since Russia invaded Ukraine on Feb. 24 last year. Last month, Kostin said that Ukraine had registered more than 65,000 war crimes committed by Russian forces since the conflict began.

Ukrainian forces have also been accused of breaching the Geneva Conventions, including by publishing footage of prisoners of war at the beginning of the conflict.

Last year, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna promised to launch an investigation into footage that appeared to show the country’s forces killed Russian soldiers who had surrendered.

On Tuesday, the State Department said it was aware of the video.

“The harrowing imagery of this unarmed Ukrainian being executed after making the simple statement of ‘Glory to Ukraine’ is just breathtaking in terms of its barbarity,” spokesman Ned Price said at a briefing. “Russia, we believe, should be ashamed of itself,” he said. “It is flouting the basic rules of war, basic humanity, basic decency… when its forces take part in atrocities like this.”

One year of Russia’s war in Ukraine

Portraits of Ukraine: Every Ukrainian’s life has changed since Russia launched its full-scale invasion one year ago — in ways both big and small. They have learned to survive and support each other under extreme circumstances, in bomb shelters and hospitals, destroyed apartment complexes and ruined marketplaces. Scroll through portraits of Ukrainians reflecting on a year of loss, resilience and fear.

Battle of attrition: Over the past year, the war has morphed from a multi-front invasion that included Kyiv in the north to a conflict of attrition largely concentrated along an expanse of territory in the east and south. Follow the 600-mile front line between Ukrainian and Russian forces and take a look at where the fighting has been concentrated.

A year of living apart: Russia’s invasion, coupled with Ukraine’s martial law preventing fighting-age men from leaving the country, has forced agonizing decisions for millions of Ukrainian families about how to balance safety, duty and love, with once-intertwined lives having become unrecognizable. Here’s what a train station full of goodbyes looked like last year.

Deepening global divides: President Biden has trumpeted the reinvigorated Western alliance forged during the war as a “global coalition,” but a closer look suggests the world is far from united on issues raised by the Ukraine war. Evidence abounds that the effort to isolate Putin has failed and that sanctions haven’t stopped Russia, thanks to its oil and gas exports.

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